The detail definition of Alcohol

Alcohol

Alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxy functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms.
The most commonly used alcohol is ethanol, C2H5OH, with the ethane backbone. Ethanol has been produced and consumed by humans for millennia, in the form of fermented and distilled alcoholic beverages. It is a clear flammable liquid that boils at 78.4 °C, which is used as an industrial solvent, car fuel, and raw material in the chemical industry.The simplest alcohol is methanol, CH3OH, which was formerly obtained by the distillation of wood and, therefore, is called "wood alcohol". It is a clear liquid resembling ethanol in smell and properties, with a slightly lower boiling point (64.7 °C), and is used mainly as a solvent, fuel, and raw material. Read more:C18 Alcohol

Oleic acid outstanding characteristic

oleic acid

Oleic acid undergoes the reactions of carboxylic acids and alkenes. Oleic acid  is soluble in aqueous base to give soaps called oleates. Iodine adds across the double bond. Hydrogenation of the double bond yields the saturated derivative stearic acid. Oxidation at the double bond occurs slowly in air, and is known as rancidification in foodstuffs or drying in coatings.
Oleic acid is also used to induce lung damage in certain types of animals, for the purpose of testing new drugs and other means to treat lung diseases. Specifically in sheep, intravenous administration of oleic acid causes acute lung injury with corresponding pulmonary edema.
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The detail definition of Selenium

Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, but instead is obtained as a side-product in the refining of other elements.
Selenium is most commonly produced from selenide in many sulfide ores, such as those of copper, silver, or lead. It is obtained as a byproduct of the processing of these ores, e.g., from the anode mud of copper refineries and the mud from the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants.
Read more:High purity selenium

The important applications of Sulfur



Sulfur

Sulfur is an essential element for all life, and is widely used in biochemical processes. In metabolic reactions, sulfur compounds serve as both fuels and respiratory (oxygen-replacing) materials for simple organisms.
Elemental sulfur is mainly used as a precursor to other chemicals. Sulfur reacts directly with methane to give carbon disulfide, which is used to manufacture cellophane and rayon.One of the direct uses of sulfur is in vulcanization of rubber, where polysulfides crosslink organic polymers. Sulfites are heavily used to bleach paper and as preservatives in dried fruit.
Read more:High purity sulfur

The important uses ofTellurium

tellurium

Tellurium is used in cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar panels. National Renewable Energy Laboratory lab tests using this material achieved some of the highest efficiencies for solar cell electric power generation. Massive commercial production of CdTe solar panels by First Solar in recent years has significantly increased tellurium demand.If some of the cadmium in CdTe is replaced by zinc then (Cd,Zn)Te is formed which is used in solid-state X-ray detectors.Tellurium as a tellurium suboxide is used in the media layer of several types of rewritable optical discs.Tellurium is used in the new phase change memory chips.Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and lead telluride are working elements of thermoelectric devices. Lead telluride is used in far-infrared detectors.
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Tellurium outstanding features

tellurium

Tellurium was discovered in Transylvania in 1782 by Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in a mineral containing tellurium and gold. Martin Heinrich Klaproth named the new element in 1798 after the Latin word for "earth", tellus. Gold telluride minerals are the most notable natural gold compounds. However, they are not a commercially significant source of tellurium itself, which is normally extracted as by-product of copper and lead production.
Tellurium has no biological function, although fungi can incorporate it in place of sulfur and selenium into amino acids such as telluro-cysteine and telluro-methionine.In humans, tellurium is partly metabolized into dimethyl telluride.
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The general description of Tellurium Copper



Tellurium Copper

 Tellurium copper is a superior alloy in all applications where products are drilled, turned or machined in some way. Efficiency on both manual and automatic product lines can be several times higher than that of traditional pure copper, which is a very ductile metal.The cutting properties of copper can be improved significantly by creating an alloy with half a percent of tellurium. This produces only a slight alteration in the electrical and thermal conductivity and ductility of the free machining copper.
A large proportion of tellurium copper is used in the manufacture of gas cutting nozzles, which involves the drilling of small holes and swaging to the final shape. For this we produce tellurium copper rods of varying hardness to suit different manufacturing processes. The high electrical and thermal conductivity of tellurium copper also makes it suitable for electrical applications.
Read more:Magnesium tellurium copper

copper alloys Compositions



copper alloys

 Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both these are imprecise terms, and today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted, especially by museums.
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. There are as many as 400 different copper and copper-alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys.
Read more:High-conductivity copper alloy corrosion-resistant high-interrupter

The Detail Definition of Muscovite



Muscovite

 Muscovite has a highly-perfect basal cleavage yielding remarkably-thin lamin(sheets) which are often highly elastic. Sheets of muscovite 5 metres by 3 metres have been found in Nellore, India.
Muscovite has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.25 parallel to the [001] face, 4 perpendicular to the  and a specific gravity of 2.76–3. It can be colorless or tinted through grays, browns, greens, yellows, or (rarely) violet or red, and can be transparent or translucent. It is anisotropic and has high birefringence. Its crystal system is monoclinic. The green, chromium-rich variety is called fuchsite; mariposite is also a chromium-rich type of muscovite.Muscovite is the most common mica, found in granites, pegmatites, gneisses, and schists, and as a contact metamorphic rock or as a secondary mineral resulting from the alteration of topaz, feldspar, kyanite, etc. In pegmatites, it is often found in immense sheets that are commercially valuable. Muscovite is in demand for the manufacture of fireproofing and insulating materials and to some extent as a lubricant.
Read more:Micro-crystal muscovite

The Detail Definition of Cadmium sulfide

Cadmium sulfide

Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid.It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.
Cadmium sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion and this has been used in the past for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.Cadmium sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms; the more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite). In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.CdS and cadmium selenide are used in manufacturing of photoresistors (light dependent resistors) sensitive to visible and near infrared light.CdS is known as cadmium yellow (CI pigment yellow 37). By adding varying amounts of selenium as selenide, it is possible to obtain a range of colors, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.
Read more:Cadmium sulfide

Cadmium Applications



Cadmium

 Cadmium has many common industrial uses as it is a key component in battery production, is present in cadmium pigments,coatings,and is commonly used in electroplating.Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, bluish-white divalent metal. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds.Cadmium electroplating, consuming 6% of the global production, can be found in the aircraft industry due to the ability to resist corrosion when applied to steel components. This coating is passivated by the usage of chromate salts.
Cadmium is used as a barrier to control neutrons in nuclear fission.The pressurized water reactor designed by Westinghouse Electric Company uses an alloy consisting of 80% silver, 15% indium, and 5% cadmium.Cadmium oxide is used in black and white television phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes.Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is used as a photoconductive surface coating for photocopier drums.Cadmium is a component of some compound semiconductors, such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride, which can be used for light detection or solar cells.
Read more:Cadmium

Tin Prolile



Tin

 Tin is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4.Tin is a malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the tin cry can be heard due to the twinning of the crystals.Tin melts at a low temperature of about 232 °C, which is further reduced to 177.3 °C for 11-nm particles.
Commercial grades of tin (99.8%) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium and silver increase its hardness. Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable.Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals. In this case the formation of a protective oxide layer is used to prevent further oxidation. This oxide layer forms on pewter and other tin alloys. Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps accelerate chemical attack.
Read more:High-purity tin

Bismuth Physical Characteristics



bismuth

 Bismuth is a brittle metal with a white, silver-pink hue, often occurring in its native form with an iridescent oxide tarnish showing many colors from yellow to blue. The spiral stair stepped structure of a bismuth crystal is the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edges than on the inside edges.
Elemental bismuth is one of very few substances of which the liquid phase is denser than its solid phase (water being the best-known example). Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long an important component of low-melting typesetting alloys, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components.Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive colorful hopper crystals. Bismuth is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be lower quality than lab-grown crystals.Bismuth is the most naturally diamagnetic of all metals, and only mercury has a lower thermal conductivity.
Read more:High purity bismuth

Selenium Physical Characteristics

selenium

Selenium  is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, but instead is obtained as a side-product in the refining of other elements.Selenium is found in sulfide ores such as pyrite, where it partially replaces the sulfur.Selenium is a trace mineral that is essential to good health but required only in small amounts. Selenium is incorporated into proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes. The antioxidant properties of selenoproteins help prevent cellular damage from free radicals.
The most stable allotrope of selenium is a dense purplish-gray solid. In terms of structure, it adopts a helical polymeric chain.The Se-Se distance is 2.37 ? and the Se-Se-Se angle is 103°. It is a semiconductor with the unusual property of conducting electricity better in the light than in the dark, and is used in photocells. Gray selenium resists oxidation by air and is not attacked by non-oxidizing acids. With strong reducing agents, it forms polyselenides. Read more:High purity selenium

Sulfur Characteristics

sulfur

Sulfur is the chemical element with atomic number 16.Sulfur forms polyatomic molecules with different chemical formulas, with the best-known allotrope being octasulfur, cyclo-S8. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid with only a faint odor, similar to that of matches.It melts at 115.21 °C, boils at 444.6 °C and sublimes easily.At 95.2 °C, below its melting temperature, cyclo-octasulfur changes from α-octasulfur to the β-polymorph.The structure of the S8 ring is virtually unchanged by this phase change, which affects the intermolecular interactions.
Sulfur burns with a blue flame concomitant with formation of sulfur dioxide, notable for its peculiar suffocating odor. Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in carbon disulfide and, to a lesser extent, in other nonpolar organic solvents, such as benzene and toluene. The first and the second ionization energies of sulfur are 999.6 and 2252 kJ·mol/1, respectively. Despite such figures, S2+ is rare, S4, 6+ being more common. The fourth and sixth ionization energies are 4556 and 8495.8 kJ·mol/1, the magnitude of the figures caused by electron transfer between orbitals; these states are only stable with strong oxidants as fluorine, oxygen, and chlorine. Read more:High purity sulfur

Lead detailed description

Lead

Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals.Lead is bright and silvery when freshly cut but the surface rapidly tarnishes in air to produce the commonly observed dull luster normally associated with lead. It is a dense, ductile, very soft, highly malleable, bluish-white metal that has poor electrical conductivity when compared to most other metals.
Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shots, weights, as part of solders, pewters, fusible alloys and as a radiation shield. Lead has the highest atomic number of all of the stable elements, although the next higher element, bismuth, has a half-life that is so long (much longer than the age of the universe) that it can be considered stable. Its four stable isotopes have 82 protons, a magic number in the nuclear shell model of atomic nuclei.Lead has been commonly used for thousands of years because it is widespread, easy to extract and easy to work with. It is highly malleable and ductile as well as easy to smelt. Pb is used for dating material from marine sediment cores by radiometric methods.
Lead is used in applications where its low melting point, ductility and high density is an advantage. The low melting point makes casting of lead easy, and therefore small arms ammunition and shotgun pellets can be cast with minimal technical equipment. It is also inexpensive and denser than other common metals.The hot metal typesetting uses a lead based alloy to produce the types for printing directly before printing.
Read more:High purity lead